Bipolar Transistor Cookbook

[Tommy volts]

In Ray Marston's article "Bipolar Transistor Cookbook" in the July 2003 issue of N&V he shows the current flowing through the transistor in the direction from positive to negative.<p>I thought that positive to negative modeling of current flow was antiquated and prediscovery of the electron? <p>Why does Ray show electrical current flowing from positive to negative?

[haklesup]

Conventional Current goes from pos to neg. We use this convention in the majority of engineering calculations with few exceptions.<p>Electron current goes from neg (the source of the electrons - the electrode) to positive (the anode). You can use it this way but you'll need to invert all your answers before anyone will understand you. Physicists may use this as well as those working with electrochemical reactions or battery designers.<p>Incedently, Ground is not always negative. It is in fact positive with respect to a negative voltage<p>Chris